Spanish land reform in the 1930s lse research online. Fast track land reform in zimbabwe centre for public. Moyo, the interaction of market and compulsory land acquisition processes with social action in zimbabwe s land reform, p. The study reported that of around 7 million hectares of land redistributed via the land reform or 20% of zimbabwe s area, 49. Challenging the myths article pdf available in journal of peasant studies 385. The chinese land reform movement, also known by the chinese abbreviation tugai, was a campaign by the communist party leader mao zedong during the late phase of the chinese civil war and the early peoples republic of china. What does the future hold for south africas land reform program. Feb 28, 2017 read more on zimbabwes economic crisis. It was used by the aging mugabe to gain political mileage and grip which he was losing to mdc led tsvanngirai. Land reform is probably one of the most difficult domestic policy issues to be dealt with by zimbabwe, namibia, south africa and australia. The government took the land from white landowners and in 2002 a law was passed that allowed zimbabwes government to take away white owned land. The dutch claimants in the case, bernardus henricus funnekotter and others v. By contrast, little attention has been given, in either scholarly or popular writing, to the gendered contours of the land issue in zimbabwe. Political economy analysis of fast track land reform.
In general, female workers suffered greater loss of. Ultimately, this note concludes that, even in the context of zimbabwe s similar land crisis, south africas land reform program will prove to be successful in the years to come. Agrarian reform, a construct of the cold war to counter communist land reform, usually embraces improvements in both land tenure and agricultural organisation. Land reform is probably one of the most difficult domestic policy issues to bedealt with by zimbabwe, namibia, south africa and australia. Land reform in zimbabwe is the greatest flop in the world but a success in the eyes of zanu pfutseki. After years of economic collapse caused by violent land grabs, zimbabwe is recovering, but who is reaping the benefits. In each of these countries the process of land reform is incomplete. An act to provide for the zimbabwe land commission established by section 296 of the constitution. Zimbabwe received financial assistance for land reform during the 1980s and 1990s from various governments. Land reform and poverty alleviation in mashonaland east, zimbabwe blessing makunike a thesis submitted to meet the requirements for the degree philosophiae doctor in africa studies in the faculty of the humanities centre for africa studies. It covers a real examination of land reform in zimbabwe specifically as masvingo province, which experienced the greatest land reform in the country conducted by ian scoones of the university of sussex. A multiplicity of institutions emerged as the ftlrp was being implemented.
Four years later, he applied for a bigger plot and was subsequently given a 110hectare farm. Land reform is the change of laws, regulations or customs regarding land ownership. Land reform is a zimbabwe success story it will be the. Land reform in zimbabwe has been highly controversial.
May 10, 20 robert mugabes land reform comes under fresh scrutiny this article is more than 7 years old debate rages over whether redistribution of farmland under zimbabwe president has some positive spinoffs. Rural land redistribution in south africa, 23 brook. Already, zimbabwes government had enough power to take white landowners land away and give it to the landless blacks, but the worst solution is to give the. The context described above was influenced by the very nature of the ftlrp.
Descriptive and inferential statistics were also used in analyzing the data. Is it possible to separate its social significance, rooted in that countrys history of colonial. Land reform in korea is found to have increased agricultural production by enhancing economic incentives jeon and kim, 2000. Land reform in zimbabwe neil h thomas department of city and regional planning, cardiff university, glamorgan building, king edward vii avenue, cardiff, cf10 3wa, wales email. The targets of the first phase of the land reform and resettlement program were landless families, the. Speeding up the identification for compulsory acquisition of not less than. From the 1980s, under the influence of international finance and neoliberal economics, stateled and interventionist land reform was removed from the development agenda and replaced by marketbased. That can include governmentinitiated property redistribution, transfer of ownership and the rights of the land. The land reform programme was described as illegal and a failure.
Land reform is a zimbabwe success story it will be the basis for economic recovery under mnangagwa november 29, 2017 9. Land reform is a necessary but not sufficient condition for agrarian reform and national development. A1 farms handed out about 150,000 plots of 6 hectares to smallholders by dividing up large white farms, while the a2 model sought to create large black commercial farms by handing over much larger areas of land to about 23,000 farmers. University of the free state bloemfontein promoter. Land reform in zimbabwe free international relations and.
Communal lands are therefore a creation of the very early land redistribution program carried out by the colonialists. Kay 1997 postulates that in indonesia land reforms also known as agrarian reform, through that can have a broader meaning is an often controversial alteration in the societal arrangements whereby a government administers the ownership and use of land. Land reform in zimbabwe, class dynamics and delayed bandung. Zimbabwe land audit uncovers serious irregularities. The zimbabwean government will then at last be able to tackle the contentious and highly politicised land. The goal of the rf was rhodesian independence under guaranteed minority rule. The rf swept all aroll seats in the 1965 election, and smith used this parliamentary strength to tighten controls on the political opposition. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the land. A 1998 survey of farm workers in zimbabwe detailing their demographic, and skill, land access and viewpoints of land reform and redistribution is used to examine the very real constraints and the possibilities for poverty reduction among longstanding marginalized social groups in the ongoing fasttrack land resettlement in zimbabwe. Overall impacts of fast track land reform programme. Benefits and costs of land reform in zimbabwe with implications for southern africa, klaus deininger, hans hoogeveen and bill kinsey.
Land reform in zimbabwe, 19801990 robin palmer introduction on 18 april 1990 zimbabwe celebrates the 10th anniversary of its independence. Fast track land reform in zimbabwe centre for public impact. Political economy analysis of fast track land reform programme in zimbabwe arnold rangarirayi chamunogwa a minithesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of master of arts in governance and development at the institute of development studies, university of sussex. Land reform in zimbabwe, class dynamics and delayed. Land reform, commercial agriculture and local economic. Rdi staff have conducted field research and advised on land reform issues in. Rural zimbabwe empties as mugabe land reform policy unravels. First and foremost, the reader should know that this is an academic studys published results.
Land reform brings prosperity to black zimbabweans channel. United nations data shows the proportion of the population living in towns surged to about 32 percent in 2015, from 11 percent in 1950, a trend thats. Land reform, implementation, land information system, cadastre, sustainable development. Land reform in zimbabwe has radically transformed the rural economy. Land reform in zimbabwe officially began in 1980 with the signing of the lancaster house agreement, as an effort to more equitably distribute land between black subsistence farmers and white zimbabweans of european ancestry, who had traditionally enjoyed superior political and economic status.
Robert mugabes land reform comes under fresh scrutiny. The invasion of the largely whiteowned farms, accompanied by violent evictions and wholesale and wanton destruction and looting in 2000, led to a crisis between the judiciary and the executive that resulted in most of the judiciary being forced out of office. Aug 30, 2017 the first phase of land reform was implemented in zimbabwe in the 1980s, so when the ftlrp was launched the government had experience of the nature of the process and its repercussions. South africa has just completed a land reform summit july 2005, and the process of land claims by black africans3 against white african commercial farmers has intensified. It has led to zimbabwe s economic and social collapse. A critical analysis of the land reform programme in zimbabwe. An evaluation of the impact of the zimbabwe land reform.
Land reform in zimbabwe has caught the worlds attention. Gender issues in land allocation and reform the primary goal of the land reform in zimbabwe has always been to create racial parity in access to land for settlement and farming. World media demonised zimbabwe and the fasttrack land reforms which were initiated in 1999. Zimbabwe land audit uncovers serious irregularities, illegal sales, multiple farm owners washington a governmentfunded audit in zimbabwe has revealed serious irregularities in the redistribution of land seized from white commercial farmers in 2000 and parcelled out to indigenous people, some with no knowledge of taking care of productive. Disparity between policy design and implementation medicine masiiwa institute of development studies university of zimbabwe may 2004 note. Zimbabwe has a long history of land reform that dates back to the early 1980s. In this section, we zero in on masvingo province in the central south and east of the country. Land reform in eastern europe usaid natural resource. The significance of land lies both in its economic value and in its political importance as the resource over which struggles have been waged in the colonial and independence eras. These mixed results with regards to the impact of land reforms on productivity stem from the fact that land reform is a package whose substance and.
Zimbabwe government, 1998 the dramatic manifestation of the skewed distribution of land was the ownership of 15. This paper uses new provincial data on landless workers, land prices and agrarian wages to consider if government intervention was needed because of the. Evaluate the failures and or successes of land tenure reform in zimbabwe. A mere reference to land reforms in zimbabwe raised eyebrows. If land redistribution is to be implemented, it should be based on a uniform land ceiling that can be exceeded if landowners are willing to pay a high enough price. The government came up with new and revised land reform policy after 1990, passing the land acquisition act in 1992, which was supposed to speed up the land reform process through land designation and compulsory acquisition. A total of one hundred and forty four respondents were used for the study. Introduction at independence in 1980 zimbabwe inherited a highly skewed pattern of land distribution.
Land reform may consist of a governmentinitiated or governmentbacked property. Anyone flying over zimbabwe on a clear day in the year 2000 would have seen huge differences in the farming regions, and perhaps better understood the countrys longstanding issue with land reform. Government is still in the process of handing over land to more than 54,000 families, zbc. This replaced an agrarian structure that was divided between 4,500 largescale commercial farms and many small communal area farms. After 2000, around 145,000 families were allocated smallholder plots and a further 20,000 took on medium scale farms. Dec 06, 2014 because of the land reform, he was allocated a 6hector farm in 2002. The land reform in zimbabwe was organised in line with that slogan and had the following basic elements of speed, which made it to be known as the fast track land reform. Did 300,000 families benefit from zimbabwe s post1999 land reforms. Jan 28, 20 the more recent land reform comes in two types. The lessons from zimbabwes land reform for its neighbors. The programmes stated targets were intended to alter the ethnic balance of land ownership. In april 2009, a tribunal of the international centre for settlement of investment disputes icsid ordered the government of zimbabwe to compensate a group of dutch nationals whose farms were expropriated under zimbabwe s controversial land reform program. An adapted version of this paper appears in the edited collection post independence land reform in zimbabwe, published in may 2004 by the friedrich ebert stiftung in harare. The fast track land resettlement programme ftlrp in zimbabwe is the worlds most comprehensive statesponsored redistributive land reform of the twentyfirst century.
If a land reform programme is to succeed it must be radical and far reaching. Fast track land reform the zimbabwean government formally announced the fast track resettlement program in july 2000, stating that it would acquire more than 3,000 farms for redistribution. This is further corroborated by literature from undergraduate and postgraduate students who have done researchwork on resettlement areas, especially in masvingo province. This policy allowed government to acquire, for compensation, land that it deemed. But conditions were put on the way that the money handed over could be used. Much of this land was previously cattle ranches, with limited. Africas land problem, and the implementation of south africas land reform program.
Download limit exceeded you have exceeded your daily download allowance. The effect of the fast track phase of land reform on the financial sector was catastrophic, because most banks in zim held collectively billions of dollars worth of bonds on the commerci. The need for land reform south africa suffered a long history of colonization, racial domination and land dispossession that resulted in the bulk of the agricultural land being owned by a white minority. There is widespread agreement on the need for land reform in zimbabwe as a means of reducing poverty. Simultaneously, the famous lancaster house constitution expires. Understanding fast track land reforms 5 a major element of the research was an analysis of the interaction of people and institutions and how this shaped the progress of the reforms. There is evidence to suggest that up to 50 per cent of farm workers stayed on even if they no longer held jobs. Zimbabwes new land reforms dont go far enough foreign. Zimbabwe s often violent land reform programme has not been the complete economic disaster widely portrayed, a study by the uks institute of development studies at sussex university finds. Where zimbabwe got it wrong lessons for south africa. The second phase of the land redistribution and resettlement programme in the form of the fast track land reform programme ftlrp, which started in 2000, has created an expanded number and array of small, medium and large scale farms, and effectively transferring ownership from the minority, white farmers to new indigenous farmers. Land reform involves the changing of laws, regulations or customs regarding land ownership. Land assumes critical significance in rural areas where entire social, economic and political life is woven around it.
Land reform in south africa open knowledge repository. Land reform success and failure new internationalist. Land reform has returned to prominence not just in zimbabwe but also in southern africa more generally. Field was replaced as prime minister in april 1964 by his deputy, ian smith. Will zimbabwes economic downfall be repeated in south africa. Zimbabwe, on one side of the spectrum, is facing a crisis in democratisation due to its radical approach to land reform. In 2000, zimbabwe s government expropriated white farmers without compensation.
The colonialists strengthened their land reform and redistribution program by enacting entrenched legislation. This paper assesses the potential consequences of a land reform scheme that draws on proposals. A comparative analysis of the politics of land reform in zimbabwe and south africa, ibid. Another reform proposed by the zimbabwe government is a program now being advertised by the ministry of lands and rural resettlement that would enable farmers to lease land. Johannesburg, 3 october irin zimbabwe s fasttrack land reform programme has ignored the critical role played by the commercial farming sector. At the end of february 2018, the eff tabled a motion to amend the constitutional provision on land reform to allow for compulsory expropriation i.
And those who receive the land must continue to receive active support to help them take advantage of it. Zimbabwes new land reforms dont go far enough robert mugabe seized whiteowned farms. Africa zimbabwe s fasttrack land reform shows little benefit 15 years on. Robert mugabe wanted to use his land reform program to eliminate the traces of colonialism by giving farms to black. Emmerson mnangagwa is reversing coursebut a halfhearted land reform. Land reform and agricultural production in zimbabwe.
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